Accommodations for Students with Learning Disabilities
The purpose of accommodations is to ensure equal access to the full school experience for students with dyslexia or other learning disabilities, for example: providing extended exam time, preferential seating, separate testing area, class notes, spell check, use of calculator. Accommodations are adjustments made to allow a student to demonstrate knowledge, skills, and abilities without lowering learning or performance expectations and without changing what is being measured, such as: providing text in audio-format when academic knowledge (history, biology, literature) is the target skill being measured.
Accommodations do not change the content of instruction, give students an unfair advantage, or change the skills or knowledge that a test measures. Accommodations make it possible for students with learning impairments to demonstrate their learning without being hindered by their disabilities. Appropriate accommodations need to be an integral part of the normal cycle of teaching and testing—never reserved only for periods of assessment.
Accommodations, provided for both testing and instruction, change the way students access information and demonstrate their knowledge, skills, and abilities; they do not change academic standards or expectations. Our reports include a section of detailed accommodations for the learning impaired student. These accommodations will form part of that student’s IEP. Call us for more information (813)468-6528.
Classroom accommodations make it possible for students to learn and demonstrate their learning through full participation in classroom instruction.
Assessment (testing) accommodations are changes in assessment materials (e.g., large print) or procedures (e.g., extended time) that allow students to demonstrate their abilities—not their disabilities—during tests and exams. Without accommodations, an assessment may not accurately measure the knowledge and skills of a student with a learning disability (e.g., dyslexia). An accommodation does not change item or test validity.
Modifications Are Different from Accommodations
Modifications to curriculum content, homework assignments, or assessments change the nature of instruction and assessments and what students are expected to learn—but they have the advantage of allowing interaction with other students in the classroom and school. An instructional modification (i.e., homework assignments) might be assignment of math problems requiring a lower level of math knowledge-skill. A modification in curriculum content might be to teach different, lower level concepts and information (e.g., continuation of work on multiplication when other students move on to fractions). Assessment modifications might include use of a calculator on a test of math facts accuracy or text in audio-format when reading comprehension is the target skill being measured. Modifications can be allowed for both testing and instruction. If the validity of a test item or the content of instruction is affected or altered, the change is a modification—not an accommodation.
Accommodation or Modification?
Choosing between an accommodation or a modification is a decision critical for future educational choices. Modifications change instructional content and knowledge—and their assessment; accommodations do not. A student’s IEP team is responsible for making formal decisions related to accommodations (or modifications, if warranted).
Choosing Accommodations Wisely and Purposefully
Each accommodation needs to be matched to the individual student’s educational needs. Decide which accommodations are needed to ensure that the student is on equal footing with those who do not have a disability. Provide evidence to support choice of accommodation requests. Are the accommodations linked directly to the student’s functional limitations? How? Keep in mind that the answers to these questions may not be the same for instruction and assessment.
Accommodations are only helpful if the student knows how to use them effectively.
Extra time alone rarely improves performance for students with dyslexia—or for students without learning disabilities. Not every student needs, or benefits from, extended time. Extended time provides students with time to use strategies needed to accomplish tasks inherently difficult for them (e.g., systematic decoding strategies for students with poor single word decoding skills; rereading text with complex syntax and grammar in order to comprehend). Some students, who may benefit from extended time, need to be taught how to use the extra time. Students who routinely read too fast for either accuracy or comprehension need to learn explicit word identification strategies as well as strategies for improving their reading comprehension.
Practice is the key to effective use of accommodations. Accommodations should be integrated into classroom practice before use is expected in assessment situations.
Types of Accommodations
Presentation, Response, Setting, and Timing/Scheduling are the four basic types of accommodations used during instruction and assessment.
1- Presentation accommodations allow students to access instructional materials in ways that do not require them to read standard print presented in a standard visual format:
Instruction
- Verbal instructions
- Repetition of instructions
- Text/Instructions in audio-format
- Larger print
- Fewer Items per page
- Visual prompts or cues (e.g., arrow pointing on page)
- Highlighted text
- Alternative answer sheet
- Information in songs or poems (e.g., facts, definitions)
Assessment
- Calculator
- Speech-to-Text software
- Text-to-Speech software
- Electronic dictionary
- Spelling checker
- Grammar check.
2- Response accommodations allow students alternatives for completion of activities, assignments, and tests. Students may be permitted to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in alternate ways, or to solve or organize their work using an electronic device or organizer.
- Mark answers in test book instead of on separate answer sheet
- Dictate to scribe or record oral responses on audio-recorder
- Record oral responses on Livescribe pen
- Point to response choices
- Type (keyboard) response.
3– Setting accommodations change the location in which a test or assignment is given or the conditions of the assessment setting.
- Individual or small group
- Reduce visual and/or auditory distractions (e.g., separate desk or location within classroom—“private office”)
- Distraction-free setting (separate room)
- Alternative furniture arrangement
4- Timing/Scheduling accommodations change the length of time allowed for completion of a test, project, or assignment and may also change the way the time is organized (e.g., breaks):
- Flexible scheduling (e.g., several sessions vs one)
- Extended time
- Allowing for more frequent breaks (as appropriate)
- Changing order of tasks or subtests
In addition to the types of accommodations and examples listed, devices and strategies that help students to organize their time and their work can sometimes be helpful. Some examples are listed:
Organizers
- Timers to keep track of time
- Highlighters to mark text
- Planners for tracking assignments
- Graph paper to organize math problems on paper
- Color Coding (e.g., subject areas, categorization within notes).
Study Strategies
- Visualization
- Retelling as soon as possible after a lecture
- Putting new learning into own words as soon as possible after class—talking about learning
- Organizing a study group for discussion (practice)
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